blog/algorithms/branch_and_bound/readme.md

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分支定界法

分支定界法branch and bound是一种求解整数规划问题的最常用算法。这种方法不但可以求解纯整数规划还可以求解混合整数规划问题。分支定界法是一种搜索与迭代的方法选择不同的分支变量和子问题进行分支。

通常,把全部可行解空间反复地分割为越来越小的子集,称为分支;并且对每个子集内的解集计算一个目标下界(对于最小值问题),这称为定界。在每次分枝后,凡是界限超出已知可行解集目标值的那些子集不再进一步分枝,这样,许多子集可不予考虑,这称剪枝。这就是分枝定界法的主要思路。

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问题示例

最近在群里看到一个问题:

给定m * n矩阵matrix可以从任意位置开始向上、向下、向左、向右移动但要求下一个位置上的元素要大于当前元素。找出最长的递增路径长度。

如图,矩阵元素5的上下左右分别是2,8,4,6

matrix

根据某算法大佬的指导,使用分支定界法解决此问题。

将矩阵的每一个元素作为第一级分支A对于每一个分支A相邻的上下左右四个元素作为分支A的子分支B

选定一个元素An, 对比An与AnBm的大小当An小于AnBm时找到AnBm对于的元素Ax递归循环处理直至找不到AnBm。每递归一次路径长度+1最后返回最大的路径长度。

代码示例

代码文件(这是一份快速实现的代码,所以不一定是最优。)

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;

vector<vector<int>> randMatrix(int x, int y)
{
    vector<vector<int>> matrix(x);
    for (int i = 0; i < x; i++)
    {
        matrix[i].resize(y);
        for (int j = 0; j < y; j++)
        {
            matrix[i][j] = rand() % 100;
        }
    }
    return matrix;
}

void display(vector<vector<int>> matrix, int x, int y)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < x; i++)
    {
        for (int j = 0; j < y; j++)
        {
            cout << matrix[i][j] << " ";
        }
        cout << endl;
    }
    cout << endl;
}

vector<int> up(vector<vector<int>> matrix, int x, int y)
{
    auto res = vector<int>(3) = {-1, -1, -1};
    if (x == 0)
    {
        return res;
    }
    res[0] = matrix[x - 1][y];
    res[1] = x - 1;
    res[2] = y;
    return res;
}

vector<int> down(vector<vector<int>> matrix, int x, int y)
{
    auto res = vector<int>(3) = {-1, -1, -1};

    auto xlen = matrix.size();
    if (x == xlen - 1)
    {
        return res;
    }
    res[0] = matrix[x + 1][y];
    res[1] = x + 1;
    res[2] = y;
    return res;
}

vector<int> left(vector<vector<int>> matrix, int x, int y)
{
    auto res = vector<int>(3) = {-1, -1, -1};

    if (y == 0)
    {
        return res;
    }
    res[0] = matrix[x][y - 1];
    res[1] = x;
    res[2] = y - 1;
    return res;
}

vector<int> right(vector<vector<int>> matrix, int x, int y)
{
    auto res = vector<int>(3) = {-1, -1, -1};

    auto row = matrix[x];
    auto ylen = row.size();
    if (y == ylen - 1)
    {
        return res;
    }
    res[0] = matrix[x][y + 1];
    res[1] = x;
    res[2] = y + 1;
    return res;
}

vector<vector<vector<int>>> branch(vector<vector<int>> matrix, int x, int y)
{
    auto branch = vector<vector<vector<int>>>(x * y);
    auto index = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < x; i++)
    {
        for (int j = 0; j < y; j++)
        {
            branch[index].resize(7);
            branch[index][0].resize(1);
            branch[index][0][0] = matrix[i][j];
            branch[index][1].resize(1);

            branch[index][1][0] = i;
            branch[index][2].resize(1);

            branch[index][2][0] = j;

            branch[index][3] = up(matrix, i, j);

            branch[index][4] = down(matrix, i, j);
            branch[index][5] = left(matrix, i, j);
            branch[index][6] = right(matrix, i, j);
            index++;
        }
    }
    return branch;
}

int finditem(vector<vector<vector<int>>> branches, int tx, int ty, int plen = 0)
{
    int ulen, dlen, llen, rlen;
    ulen = dlen = llen = rlen = plen;
    for (auto vi : branches)
    {
        if (vi[1][0] == tx && vi[2][0] == ty)
        { //找到元素
            if (vi[3][0] > vi[0][0])
            { //上
                cout << "up [" << vi[3][0] << "] is great than me [" << vi[0][0] << "]" << endl;
                ulen++;
                ulen = finditem(branches, vi[3][1], vi[3][2], ulen);
            }
            if (vi[4][0] > vi[0][0])
            { //下
                cout << "down [" << vi[4][0] << "] is great than me [" << vi[0][0] << "]" << endl;
                dlen++;
                dlen = finditem(branches, vi[4][1], vi[4][2], dlen);
            }
            if (vi[5][0] > vi[0][0])
            { //左
                cout << "left [" << vi[5][0] << "] is great than me [" << vi[0][0] << "]" << endl;
                llen++;
                llen = finditem(branches, vi[5][1], vi[5][2], llen);
            }
            if (vi[6][0] > vi[0][0])
            { //右
                cout << "right [" << vi[6][0] << "] is great than me [" << vi[0][0] << "]" << endl;
                rlen++;
                rlen = finditem(branches, vi[6][1], vi[6][2], rlen);
            }
        }
    }
    plen = ulen;
    if (plen < dlen)
    {
        plen = dlen;
    }
    if (plen < llen)
    {
        plen = llen;
    }
    if (plen < rlen)
    {
        plen = rlen;
    }
    return plen;
}

int main()
{
    const int x = 4;
    const int y = 4;
    auto matrix = randMatrix(x, y);
    display(matrix, x, y);
    auto branches = branch(matrix, x, y);
    // display(branches, x * y, 7);
    auto plen = finditem(branches, 0, 3);
    cout << matrix[0][3] << "\t" << plen << endl;
    return 0;
}